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2012年3月26日星期一
Vibram Five Fingers2010:Autodesk Design employment unit 61565 Software ( Shanghai ) Co
2010:Autodesk Design employment unit 61565 Software ( Shanghai ) Co. ,Ltd Autodesk Design Software ( Shanghai) Company BEA CA ( Computer Associates ) Google IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM China Development Center IBM software development center of China Intel Intel Intel Intel Landmark SUN SUN SUN SUN company SONY project of China SUN Institute of China Academy of Engineering Sybase software R & D center software Sybase China Limited company Symantec TNS UBS UBS Alcatel Alcatel Accenture Accenture ( Shanghai) Beijing branch of Ernst & Young Hua Ming Ernst & Young Hua Ming Ernst & Young Hua Ming Ernst & Young Hua Ming Baidu Baidu Baidu Founder Founder Founder Peking University School of economics ,Peking University software and School of microelectronics Peking University School of software and microelectronics Peking University School of software and microelectronics digital art studio Peking University School of life science ,Vibram Five Fingers,Peking University CALIS Library Management Center Peking University College of information science ,Beijing electric power company Beijing Computer Department Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing widely depending on access network technology company limited Beijing branch of digital technology widely Haier Company Limited a Beihang University Beijing science and Technology Development Company Limited Beijing Jiacheng interlink technology Beijing CET energy technology limited Beijing BOE Semiconductor Limited company of Beijing Lan Ye medical center of science and technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing energy investment (Group ) Company Limited Beijing railway signal and communication research and Design Institute of Beijing Normal University Beijing Fengtai District Construction Bank of Beijing Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications College Beijing vibration peak science and technology Bi Bo management consulting brocade information industry ( Shenzhen) Company Limited Beijing branch to entrepreneurial venture ,IT training and education for entrepreneurship ,entrepreneurial venture Web2.
0 ,digital media ,digital media DMT Technology Company Limited TBA TBA TBA TBA Deloitte Deloitte Deloitte Deloitte Touche dangdang.com French Oubeiteka systems Beijing representative Office of the Fujian provincial Party Committee Organization Department chooses the tune life NDRC National Radio and TV monitoring center of National Development Bank of Shanxi Province branch of the National Post Office Information Technology Bureau of Guotai Junan Securities Co.
, Ltd. Guotai Junan Securities Co., Ltd. Guotai Junan Securities Corporation Harry Burton ( Tianjin ) energy services company in Beijing branch company Haitong Securities ( Shenzhen ) Han consulting (China) Co.
, Ltd. CASIC 35 aerospace information company Hebei University of Economics and Business College of art Citibank China Science and technology limited liability company Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei University of Washington Huawei Huawei Company Beijing Institute of Bank of China in world science and Technology (Beijing) Co.
, Ltd. HP HP HP HP (China) Co.,Monster Headphones, Ltd. China Limited HP China Company Limited Zhuhai Institute of Jilin University 72377 of Ji Canon Oracle Asia R & D center Jiangnan University transportation bank Limited Bank of Communications Limited Bank of Communications Limited traffic bank shares Limited Bank of Communications Limited Bank of Communications Limited ( Institute of Peking University from sky ) Cobb ( Peking University School of Economics ) Cobb ( Peking University School of government ) Cobb ( Tsinghua University ) Cobb ( Renmin University of China ) from Peking University ,UGG Boots Clearance,College of information science and technology web interactive technology limited company of Lanzhou University of Technology College of art and design blue Gu Wenhua media company lucent wave group associate (Beijing) Co.
, Ltd. on Reuters Reuters daily horizon of pioneer Digital Image Productions Ltd USA company video technology limited company the United States United Technologies Corporation culture consulting company Motorola Motorola Motorola (China) Co.
, Ltd. Motorola (China) Co., Ltd. Motorola China Limited Ping Insurance PwC PwC PwC PwC PwC information technology academy Johnson China Limited public school of Tsinghua University Taiwan Research Institute of Tsinghua Tongfang Co.
Software Export Division ( in electronics China) Limited company Samsung Electronics ( Beijing) Technology Services Limited Shandong University Shandong province technology Academy of Fine Arts Shanghai Baosight software company limited Shanghai Jing Rui estate University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai royal network development company limited Shanghai days Yang medical instrument limited company Shenzhen Foxconn Technology Group Shenzhen Foxconn Technology Group Shenzhen City financial Bo Information Technology Company Limited Shenzhen City Run Investment Development Limited company the new power of science and Technology (Beijing) Co.
, Ltd. Saint state Microelectronics Limited company of Schneider Electric China company Shougang Ministry of water resources information center of Sichuan provincial Party Committee Organization Department of Sohu Sohu Sohu company Tata information of limited company of Shanghai limited company of electron of Tencent Tencent Tencent Tomson Tencent Tencent Network Tianjin Municipal SASAC mor information technology center of the Tongji University net Kang Technology Co.
Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft (China) Co., Ltd. Siemens (China) Co.,Moncler Jackets, Ltd. the new occupation education center Xinhua Xinhua to sina science and Technology ( Singapore China ) Limited Ministry of information industry of regional manager of science and Technology (China) Co.
, Ltd. the Galaxy Securities Intel (Shanghai ) Limited company of Intel R & D Yu Bo electronic technology limited company of Yunnan Province, Yuxi City Tobacco Monopoly Bureau Zhejiang Sci-Tech
University Zhejiang smoke Industrial Company China Daheng (Group ) Company Limited Beijing image vision technology branch ICBC China industry and commerce bank software development center
of China Everbright Bank of China International Finance Company Limited accounting center of China Aviation China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation,ugg clearance uk, the first Research Institute of
Chinese HP company Chinese HP company Chinese HP company Chinese HP limited company China HP limited company China Jianyin Investment Securities China Academy of space technology of
China Civil Aviation Information Group Company of business affairs of electron of China Agricultural Bank of China headquarters Agricultural Bank of China Bank of China Bank of China headquarters
headquarters headquarters headquarters of Agricultural Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China Xiamen branch of Agricultural Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China
Agricultural Bank of China The head office of China Life Insurance Company Limited Beijing Branch China Life Insurance Company Limited Beijing Branch China Netcom, China Minmetals Group, Academy
of Chinese Traditional Opera, China Mobile China Mobile China Mobile Guangzhou branch of Bank of China Limited China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences CNOOC CAS Institute of computing technology
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0 ,digital media ,digital media DMT Technology Company Limited TBA TBA TBA TBA Deloitte Deloitte Deloitte Deloitte Touche dangdang.com French Oubeiteka systems Beijing representative Office of the Fujian provincial Party Committee Organization Department chooses the tune life NDRC National Radio and TV monitoring center of National Development Bank of Shanxi Province branch of the National Post Office Information Technology Bureau of Guotai Junan Securities Co.
, Ltd. Guotai Junan Securities Co., Ltd. Guotai Junan Securities Corporation Harry Burton ( Tianjin ) energy services company in Beijing branch company Haitong Securities ( Shenzhen ) Han consulting (China) Co.
, Ltd. CASIC 35 aerospace information company Hebei University of Economics and Business College of art Citibank China Science and technology limited liability company Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei University of Washington Huawei Huawei Company Beijing Institute of Bank of China in world science and Technology (Beijing) Co.
, Ltd. HP HP HP HP (China) Co.,Monster Headphones, Ltd. China Limited HP China Company Limited Zhuhai Institute of Jilin University 72377 of Ji Canon Oracle Asia R & D center Jiangnan University transportation bank Limited Bank of Communications Limited Bank of Communications Limited traffic bank shares Limited Bank of Communications Limited Bank of Communications Limited ( Institute of Peking University from sky ) Cobb ( Peking University School of Economics ) Cobb ( Peking University School of government ) Cobb ( Tsinghua University ) Cobb ( Renmin University of China ) from Peking University ,UGG Boots Clearance,College of information science and technology web interactive technology limited company of Lanzhou University of Technology College of art and design blue Gu Wenhua media company lucent wave group associate (Beijing) Co.
, Ltd. on Reuters Reuters daily horizon of pioneer Digital Image Productions Ltd USA company video technology limited company the United States United Technologies Corporation culture consulting company Motorola Motorola Motorola (China) Co.
, Ltd. Motorola (China) Co., Ltd. Motorola China Limited Ping Insurance PwC PwC PwC PwC PwC information technology academy Johnson China Limited public school of Tsinghua University Taiwan Research Institute of Tsinghua Tongfang Co.
Software Export Division ( in electronics China) Limited company Samsung Electronics ( Beijing) Technology Services Limited Shandong University Shandong province technology Academy of Fine Arts Shanghai Baosight software company limited Shanghai Jing Rui estate University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai royal network development company limited Shanghai days Yang medical instrument limited company Shenzhen Foxconn Technology Group Shenzhen Foxconn Technology Group Shenzhen City financial Bo Information Technology Company Limited Shenzhen City Run Investment Development Limited company the new power of science and Technology (Beijing) Co.
, Ltd. Saint state Microelectronics Limited company of Schneider Electric China company Shougang Ministry of water resources information center of Sichuan provincial Party Committee Organization Department of Sohu Sohu Sohu company Tata information of limited company of Shanghai limited company of electron of Tencent Tencent Tencent Tomson Tencent Tencent Network Tianjin Municipal SASAC mor information technology center of the Tongji University net Kang Technology Co.
Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft (China) Co., Ltd. Siemens (China) Co.,Moncler Jackets, Ltd. the new occupation education center Xinhua Xinhua to sina science and Technology ( Singapore China ) Limited Ministry of information industry of regional manager of science and Technology (China) Co.
, Ltd. the Galaxy Securities Intel (Shanghai ) Limited company of Intel R & D Yu Bo electronic technology limited company of Yunnan Province, Yuxi City Tobacco Monopoly Bureau Zhejiang Sci-Tech
University Zhejiang smoke Industrial Company China Daheng (Group ) Company Limited Beijing image vision technology branch ICBC China industry and commerce bank software development center
of China Everbright Bank of China International Finance Company Limited accounting center of China Aviation China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation,ugg clearance uk, the first Research Institute of
Chinese HP company Chinese HP company Chinese HP company Chinese HP limited company China HP limited company China Jianyin Investment Securities China Academy of space technology of
China Civil Aviation Information Group Company of business affairs of electron of China Agricultural Bank of China headquarters Agricultural Bank of China Bank of China Bank of China headquarters
headquarters headquarters headquarters of Agricultural Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China Xiamen branch of Agricultural Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China
Agricultural Bank of China The head office of China Life Insurance Company Limited Beijing Branch China Life Insurance Company Limited Beijing Branch China Netcom, China Minmetals Group, Academy
of Chinese Traditional Opera, China Mobile China Mobile China Mobile Guangzhou branch of Bank of China Limited China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences CNOOC CAS Institute of computing technology
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Cheap Beats By DreRecently in a company for help
Recently in a company for help, because the company one of the major shareholders and I was able to talk to, their company is prepared to provide medical services, the shareholder is a congenital heart disease Fuwai Hospital expert.
Being here about the other questions, just from the recruitment process to see some of the information and let me worry about things.Technical staff recruitment process is not long, compared to the top levels of recruitment in Shanghai in 2002 is much less, however, I was disappointed more, worry more aggravate.
I give up technical staff out of a simple problem is: 100!=?In accordance with the requirements of his usual code habits were completed, from the computer, write all the code manually.Interview personnel generally are graduated one year to three years Java development staff.
Part of the staff also have specialized participated in a number of training institutions and training, which has said that their teacher is done for many years the development programmer, then take their time is a lot of practice (I don't know the true and false, tentatively for gospel truth).
Finally found the problem is as follows: 1, after more than 10 technical staff is only one person wrote notes (this one was in Japanese outsourcing company for over a year), but still lack a lot, let me worry about China at present, this batch of new entrants to the programmer's code quality, or even so confusing, 10 years, and remained so, education remains.
In 2, the realization of the code, almost all of them define output variables are of type int, type long is used by only one person.That is to say, only one thought this would be a big number computation problems, although he is wrong, but, at least he thought some.
100,Cheap Beats By Dre!= 9.3326215443944152681699238856267e+157 (Windows calculator to get the results you can check), but int and long types are not supported by this numerical calculation results.Post hoc analysis when I asked about whether the candidate know int type range, almost no one can answer,Moncler Jackets, I am very disappointed.
I remember when I graduated, such types are commonly response, no need to think, routine should remember such as int,Cheap Nike Air Max, long, float,Coach Factory Outlet, double and so on, this is the most basic things.3, many people even serious error, output variables for the initial assignment 0, intermediate calculations are all take, is also the result is still 0.
That is to say, writing the code no after brain reflection, directly submitted to the examiner, such code is thrown to testers, no wonder to testers piss.There are a lot of mistakes and so on, is no longer the one one listed.
In 2002 I do a project authorization system, from a pair of authorization to the authorization, the final version of authorization (worked for three days and nights are all realized, without sleep and rest), one to one authorized after the completion of the test is only three or four bug,UGG Boots Clearance, while the many to many authorized finished testing is disposable through, no bug was found.
I am deeply worried the programmer's basic skills, quality and sense of responsibility, because their learning and basic appears so weak, not to the point.Also finally understand why these years just graduated in programmer occupation staff salary declined so badly.
Related articles:
Being here about the other questions, just from the recruitment process to see some of the information and let me worry about things.Technical staff recruitment process is not long, compared to the top levels of recruitment in Shanghai in 2002 is much less, however, I was disappointed more, worry more aggravate.
I give up technical staff out of a simple problem is: 100!=?In accordance with the requirements of his usual code habits were completed, from the computer, write all the code manually.Interview personnel generally are graduated one year to three years Java development staff.
Part of the staff also have specialized participated in a number of training institutions and training, which has said that their teacher is done for many years the development programmer, then take their time is a lot of practice (I don't know the true and false, tentatively for gospel truth).
Finally found the problem is as follows: 1, after more than 10 technical staff is only one person wrote notes (this one was in Japanese outsourcing company for over a year), but still lack a lot, let me worry about China at present, this batch of new entrants to the programmer's code quality, or even so confusing, 10 years, and remained so, education remains.
In 2, the realization of the code, almost all of them define output variables are of type int, type long is used by only one person.That is to say, only one thought this would be a big number computation problems, although he is wrong, but, at least he thought some.
100,Cheap Beats By Dre!= 9.3326215443944152681699238856267e+157 (Windows calculator to get the results you can check), but int and long types are not supported by this numerical calculation results.Post hoc analysis when I asked about whether the candidate know int type range, almost no one can answer,Moncler Jackets, I am very disappointed.
I remember when I graduated, such types are commonly response, no need to think, routine should remember such as int,Cheap Nike Air Max, long, float,Coach Factory Outlet, double and so on, this is the most basic things.3, many people even serious error, output variables for the initial assignment 0, intermediate calculations are all take, is also the result is still 0.
That is to say, writing the code no after brain reflection, directly submitted to the examiner, such code is thrown to testers, no wonder to testers piss.There are a lot of mistakes and so on, is no longer the one one listed.
In 2002 I do a project authorization system, from a pair of authorization to the authorization, the final version of authorization (worked for three days and nights are all realized, without sleep and rest), one to one authorized after the completion of the test is only three or four bug,UGG Boots Clearance, while the many to many authorized finished testing is disposable through, no bug was found.
I am deeply worried the programmer's basic skills, quality and sense of responsibility, because their learning and basic appears so weak, not to the point.Also finally understand why these years just graduated in programmer occupation staff salary declined so badly.
Related articles:
Coach Outlet
.introduction abnormality is determined by language provides a run time error handling in a way .Mention error handling ,even if not mentioned abnormalities ,you probably already have a wealth of experience ,but in order to you can clearly see the abnormalities of the benefits ,we may wish to review the commonly used and are not commonly used in error handling .
1.1 commonly used error handling the return value .We use the return value of the function to mark the success or failure ,and even failure reason .This approach however the biggest problem is that if the caller does not take the initiative to check the return value can also be permitted by the compiler ,you can do nothing to him :) it in C + + also leads to another question ,not only different is overloaded function return value ,and has the same parameter table ,because if the caller does not check the return value ,then the compiler will not know which overloaded function call .
Of course, this problem has nothing to do with this paper ,we put aside .Just remember the return value may be overlooked in the absence .Global status flag .For example system call using errno .
The return value is different, the global state flag can make function interface (return value ,parameter table ) are fully utilized .Function before the withdrawal should set the values of global variables ( including the reasons for success or failure ) ,and the return value ,it appears to require the caller to call check this logo ,this constraint is also weak .
Global variables also led to another question ,is a multi-threaded unsafe :if multiple threads at the same time as a global variable assignment ,then the caller in check this logo will definitely be very confused .
If you want the security thread, we can refer to errno solution ,it is thread safe .1.2 commonly used treatment methods ( setjmp ) / longjmp ( ) .May think they are remote goto statement .
According to my experience ,it seems really not been used ,perhaps much destruction of structured programming style .In C + +, should be more not to use them ,because the fatal weakness is longjmp ( ) unwinding stack ( although the word back again ) ,but not the call stack object - is fatal .
For different compilers ,Dr Dre Headphones,may by a compiler switch to solve this problem ,but is not universal ,will cause the program to the hard graft .Now let have a look 1.3 anomaly anomaly can solve any problem .
Return value and errno encountered embarrassment ,the abnormal is basically does not exist ,if you do not capture ( CATCH ) program exception thrown ,the default behavior is to lead to abort ( ) is called, the program was terminated ( core dump ) .
So if your function throws, this function of the caller or caller caller ,is also in the current call stack, there must be a place to catch the exception .As for the setjmp / longjmp ( ) ( ) the stack objects are not the destructor problem on abnormal is not exist .
So whether it destroyed the structured ( for OO paradigms ,perhaps I should say is destroyed in the process ?) ? Obviously not, with abnormalities after you can be assured only write the correct logic ,but all error handling due to a place ,it is not better ?To sum up ,in C + + or abnormalities can fully replace other error handling ,but if the code is filled with try / THROW / catch is not a good thing ,to know the abnormal use skill ,patience please continue reading :2 ) abnormal syntax here we only discuss some related problems of grammar .
2.1 try try is catch appear together ,with a try statement ,there should be at least one catch ( ) statement .Try then block might throw an exception .2.2 catch catch with one parameter ,parameter type and parameter names are specified by a program name ,can be ignored ,if the catch subsequent block is not intended to refer to the exception object .
Parameter type is build-in type ,such as int ,long ,char and so on ,can also be an object ,an object pointer or reference .If you want to catch exceptions of any type ,you can use the &ldquo ;&rdquo ;catch parameters as .
. .Catch try block must catch all exceptions thrown ,the rest not capture can give a function processing .2.3 throw throw back with an instance of a type ,its relationship with catch is like a function call ,catch specifies the parameter ,throw gives arguments .
The compiler according to catch appear in the order specified by the catch parameter and determine the type of an exception should be made by which catch to deal with .Throw does not have to appear in the try and block ,Coach Outlet Shop,it can appear at any required place ,as long as the final catch can capture it .
Even in the catch then block ,still can continue to throw .At this time there are two, one is throw, a new type of exception, with the general throw .The two is to rethrow this anomaly ,in this case ,throw without parameter expression .
For example :try {... } catch ( int ) {throw MyException ( " ;Hello exception" ;) ;/ / throw a new exception} catch ( float ) {throw ;/ / rethrow the floating point exception } 2.
4 function declaration and a place with the throw keyword ,is a function declaration .For example :void foo throw ( int ( ) ) ;/ / int void bar can only throw exceptions ( throw ( ) ) ;/ / does not throw any exception void Baz ( ) ;/ / can throw exceptions of any type or not to throw an exception if the declaration of a function with the throw qualifier ,then the function body must also be the same : void foo ( ) throw ( int ) {.
.. } here is a question ,very subtle, even though you like it prepared the foo ( ) function ,it can only throw the int specified abnormal ,but in fact it may still be thrown to the other types of abnormal and not be found :void compiler ( foo ) throw ( int ) {throw float ;/ / error !Abnormal type error !By the compiler to point out that.
.. Baz ( ) ;/ / correct !Baz ( int ) may throw an abnormal and the compiler cannot find !} void Baz ( ) {throw float ;} This is a direct consequence of if Baz ( ) throws, and calling foo ( ) code and strictly abide by the foo ( ) statement to write ,then the program will abort ( ) .
This made me very angry ,think this mechanism exists ,but there is a solution, please refer to &ldquo ;use the technique problems in &rdquo .3 abnormal use skills of 3.1 abnormal is to work in order to be safe use exceptions ,let us have a look of exception handling is how to work .
3.1.1 unwinding stack we know ,every function call happens, will be the implementation of protection field register ,stack ,parameters for the called function create stack that several of the stack operation ,they both make the stack grows .
Each time the function return is restoring the site ,so that the stack is reduced .The function returns the process of restoring the site by a process called unwinding stack .Exception handling in the throw statement and the function returns the same result ,it also caused unwinding stack .
If the catch is not in throw directly above function, then the unwinding process continues ,until you find the right catch .If no suitable catch ,then the last STD: :unexpected ( ) function is called ,that found an unexpected exception ,this function will call STD: :terminate ( ) ,terminate ( abort ) called the ( ) ,the program terminates ( core dump ) .
In the &ldquo ;&rdquo ;referred to in the longjmp ( ) can also be a unwinding stack ,but this is an C function ,it is just like free ( ) would not call an object ,it is also not known in unwinding stack during the call stack object .
This is the main difference between it and the anomaly .3.1.2 RTTI in unwinding stack process, the program will have been trying to find a suitable &ldquo ;&rdquo ;catch to handle the exception .
Earlier we mentioned that the throw and catch relationship is very much like a function call and the function prototype relationship, a number of catch as a function to be overloaded for can accept different types .
According to this speculation ,as if to find the right catch to handle the exception and function overloading in the process of finding suitable function prototype is the same, no big deal .
But the actual situation is very difficult ,because the overloaded call at compile time can be determined, and the exception is thrown but not ,consider the following code :void foo ( ) throw ( int ) {throw int ;} void bar ( ) {try {foo ( ) ;} catch ( int catch ( ) {.
.. } float ) {... } } void Baz ( ) {try {foo ( ) ;} catch ( int ) {... } catch ( float ) {... } } foo ( two ) in a place called ,these two abnormalities are different catch capture ,so for the throw generated code, not clear that to which the catch captured ,that is to say ,not at compile time determine .
Still consider this example ,let us have a look at compile time can not determine the fate of throw ,so how to determine at run time .In the bar ( ) ,a column in the switch statement catch like case arrangement ,is actually a series of judgment, check whether the type of the abnormal catch meet the specified type, the dynamically ,at run time to determine the type of technology is RTTI ( Runtime Type Identification / Information ) .
Depth exploration C + + object model is mentioned, RTTI is the exception processing by-products .On the RTTI is also a topic ,here is not discussed in detail .3.2 whether the heir to the STD :: exception ?Yes .
And STD: :exception has some derived classes ,if you need to use them directly ,without the need to repeat the definition .Each of the 3.3 function back to write throw ( ) ?Although front has been the analysis it is flawed, but it is still a good habit ,can let the caller from the documents are very clear information ,instead of turning those possible with code synchronization document .
If you provide a library ,Dr Dre Beats,then in the library entrance function should be used in the catch ( ... ) to catch all exceptions ,in catch ( ... ) to capture abnormalities should be converted ( rethrow ) is throw list in a certain abnormal ,so that does not produce an unexpected exception .
3.4 guard model of exception handling in unwinding stack, will the destructor all stack on the object ,but does not automatically delete the object on the heap ,and even your code while writing a delete statement ,but throw skip ,lead to memory leaks ,and other resource leak .
For example :void foo ( ) { MyClass P = new MyClass ... * ( ) ;bar ( P ) ;... Delete P bar ( ) ;/ / if thrown exception ,don run to here !} void bar ( MyClass * P ) {throw MyException ( ) ;} in this case ,the C + + provides a STD :: auto_ptr this template to solve the problem .
This is often referred to as a smart pointer &ldquo ;&rdquo ;template principle is the original code ,the pointer using a stack template instance is protected ,when exception occurs when unwinding stack ,the template instance will be destructed ,and in its destructor, the pointer will be delete ,e.
g. :void foo ( ) {... STD: :auto_ptr< ;MyClass> ;p ;( New MyClass ( ) ) ;bar ( p.get ( ) ) ;/ / ... Delete p ;/ / this sentence is no longer needed } void bar ( MyClass * P ) {throw MyException ( ) ;} bar ( regardless of whether an exception is thrown, ) as long as P is destructed ,the memory will be released .
Not only for memory, for other resource management also can refer to this method to do .In ACE ,this way is known as Guard ,used to lock protection .3.5 constructor and destructor constructor has no return value ,many places are recommended by throwing an exception to notify the caller structural failure .
This is definitely a good way ,but is not very perfect .Mainly because in the constructor and destructor throws an exception will not lead to the call ,for example :class foo {public: foo ( ) { } / / this function will be called } ;class bar {public: bar ( ) {C _ = new char ;throw 1 ;} ~ ( bar ) _ {delete C ;} / / this function will not be called !Private: char * C _ _ ;foo f ;} ;void Baz ( ) {try {bar B ;} catch ( int ) { } } in this example ,the bar destructor will not be called ,but even so ,foo destructors can still be called .
The danger is in the constructor of the allocated space in C _ ,because no destructor is called into leak .The best solution is to use auto_ptr ,auto_ptr ,bar statements into :class bar {public: bar ( ) {c_.
reset ( New char ) ;throw 1 ;} bar ( ) { } / / don delete C _ !Private: auto_ptr< ;char> ;C ;foo f _ _ ;;} ;the destructor is not an exception is thrown, the Thinking in In C + + Volume 2 has stated .
If the destructor call might throw an exception should be in the destructor function ,internal catch it .3.6 when using the abnormal until now ,we have finished the abnormalities of most of the problems, to practical operation .
Problems in actual application of my biggest problem is when should use exceptions, whether should use abnormal round instead of &ldquo ;&rdquo ;mentioned in other error handling ?First of all ,can not completely replace the abnormal return value, because the return value of the meaning is not just a success or failure, sometimes is a selectable state ,for example :if ( customer-> status ( ;;) = = active ) {.
.. } else {... } in this case ,regardless of whether the return value is what ,all are procedures can accept normal results .Abnormal expression of &ldquo &rdquo can be used ;anomaly ;-- the error state .
It is obviously that the actual programming ,but in the process there are many more ready to accept either course time, encountered such a situation ,Dr Dre Headphones,the first thing to consider is the principle .
Second ,have a look in the absence of specific abnormalities will play its advantages ,but this advantage is not to use other techniques to achieve ( or simply reach ) .For example ,if you are for a telecommunications company to write a complex charging logic ,then of course you want in the whole computational cost in the process of concentrated effort to consider the business logic problems ,but not everywhere need to return value to determine whether the current release in the previous step application resources .
When using the abnormal can make your code is very clear, even if you have 100 applications for resource place ,as long as a local concentration of the release of their good .For example :bool bar1 ( ) ;bool bar2 ( ) ;bool bar3 ( ) ;bool foo ( ) { char P1 = new char .
.. * ;( bar1 ... If !( ) ) {delete P1 ;return false ;} ... Char * P2 = new char ;if ( ... !bar2 ( ) ) {delete P1 ;/ / to be released for delete P2 in front of all the resources ;return false ;} .
.. Char * P3 = new char ;( bar2 ... If !( ) ) {delete P1 ;/ / to be released for delete P2 in front of all the resources ;delete P3 ;return false ;} } this process as is clear :void bar1 ( throw ) ( int ) ;void bar2 ( ) throw ( int ) ;void bar3 ( ) throw ( int ) ;void foo ( ) throw ( int ) {char * P1 = NULL ;char * P2 = NULL ;char * P3 = NULL ;try { char * P1 = new char ;bar1 ( ) ;char * P2 = new char ;bar2 ( ) ;char * P3 = new char ;bar3 ( ) ;} catch ( int ) {delete P1 ;/ / delete P2 delete concentrated release resources ;P3 ;throw ;} } third ,Coach Outlet,in Thinking In C + + Volume 2 of a when should not be used ,what should be used when the table ,We can refer to .
Finally, say a and abnormal unrelated things, but also with the program errors ,is the claim that ( assert ) ,I in the development in the use of the abnormalities of the posterior ,soon found that some people will use assert processing error is defined as abnormal .
Here a little note for assert usage ,very simple principle : only for those who can be achieved through improved procedures for correcting errors ,can only be used with assert .The return value ,abnormal obviously not at one level ,this is the C basic knowledge .
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1.1 commonly used error handling the return value .We use the return value of the function to mark the success or failure ,and even failure reason .This approach however the biggest problem is that if the caller does not take the initiative to check the return value can also be permitted by the compiler ,you can do nothing to him :) it in C + + also leads to another question ,not only different is overloaded function return value ,and has the same parameter table ,because if the caller does not check the return value ,then the compiler will not know which overloaded function call .
Of course, this problem has nothing to do with this paper ,we put aside .Just remember the return value may be overlooked in the absence .Global status flag .For example system call using errno .
The return value is different, the global state flag can make function interface (return value ,parameter table ) are fully utilized .Function before the withdrawal should set the values of global variables ( including the reasons for success or failure ) ,and the return value ,it appears to require the caller to call check this logo ,this constraint is also weak .
Global variables also led to another question ,is a multi-threaded unsafe :if multiple threads at the same time as a global variable assignment ,then the caller in check this logo will definitely be very confused .
If you want the security thread, we can refer to errno solution ,it is thread safe .1.2 commonly used treatment methods ( setjmp ) / longjmp ( ) .May think they are remote goto statement .
According to my experience ,it seems really not been used ,perhaps much destruction of structured programming style .In C + +, should be more not to use them ,because the fatal weakness is longjmp ( ) unwinding stack ( although the word back again ) ,but not the call stack object - is fatal .
For different compilers ,Dr Dre Headphones,may by a compiler switch to solve this problem ,but is not universal ,will cause the program to the hard graft .Now let have a look 1.3 anomaly anomaly can solve any problem .
Return value and errno encountered embarrassment ,the abnormal is basically does not exist ,if you do not capture ( CATCH ) program exception thrown ,the default behavior is to lead to abort ( ) is called, the program was terminated ( core dump ) .
So if your function throws, this function of the caller or caller caller ,is also in the current call stack, there must be a place to catch the exception .As for the setjmp / longjmp ( ) ( ) the stack objects are not the destructor problem on abnormal is not exist .
So whether it destroyed the structured ( for OO paradigms ,perhaps I should say is destroyed in the process ?) ? Obviously not, with abnormalities after you can be assured only write the correct logic ,but all error handling due to a place ,it is not better ?To sum up ,in C + + or abnormalities can fully replace other error handling ,but if the code is filled with try / THROW / catch is not a good thing ,to know the abnormal use skill ,patience please continue reading :2 ) abnormal syntax here we only discuss some related problems of grammar .
2.1 try try is catch appear together ,with a try statement ,there should be at least one catch ( ) statement .Try then block might throw an exception .2.2 catch catch with one parameter ,parameter type and parameter names are specified by a program name ,can be ignored ,if the catch subsequent block is not intended to refer to the exception object .
Parameter type is build-in type ,such as int ,long ,char and so on ,can also be an object ,an object pointer or reference .If you want to catch exceptions of any type ,you can use the &ldquo ;&rdquo ;catch parameters as .
. .Catch try block must catch all exceptions thrown ,the rest not capture can give a function processing .2.3 throw throw back with an instance of a type ,its relationship with catch is like a function call ,catch specifies the parameter ,throw gives arguments .
The compiler according to catch appear in the order specified by the catch parameter and determine the type of an exception should be made by which catch to deal with .Throw does not have to appear in the try and block ,Coach Outlet Shop,it can appear at any required place ,as long as the final catch can capture it .
Even in the catch then block ,still can continue to throw .At this time there are two, one is throw, a new type of exception, with the general throw .The two is to rethrow this anomaly ,in this case ,throw without parameter expression .
For example :try {... } catch ( int ) {throw MyException ( " ;Hello exception" ;) ;/ / throw a new exception} catch ( float ) {throw ;/ / rethrow the floating point exception } 2.
4 function declaration and a place with the throw keyword ,is a function declaration .For example :void foo throw ( int ( ) ) ;/ / int void bar can only throw exceptions ( throw ( ) ) ;/ / does not throw any exception void Baz ( ) ;/ / can throw exceptions of any type or not to throw an exception if the declaration of a function with the throw qualifier ,then the function body must also be the same : void foo ( ) throw ( int ) {.
.. } here is a question ,very subtle, even though you like it prepared the foo ( ) function ,it can only throw the int specified abnormal ,but in fact it may still be thrown to the other types of abnormal and not be found :void compiler ( foo ) throw ( int ) {throw float ;/ / error !Abnormal type error !By the compiler to point out that.
.. Baz ( ) ;/ / correct !Baz ( int ) may throw an abnormal and the compiler cannot find !} void Baz ( ) {throw float ;} This is a direct consequence of if Baz ( ) throws, and calling foo ( ) code and strictly abide by the foo ( ) statement to write ,then the program will abort ( ) .
This made me very angry ,think this mechanism exists ,but there is a solution, please refer to &ldquo ;use the technique problems in &rdquo .3 abnormal use skills of 3.1 abnormal is to work in order to be safe use exceptions ,let us have a look of exception handling is how to work .
3.1.1 unwinding stack we know ,every function call happens, will be the implementation of protection field register ,stack ,parameters for the called function create stack that several of the stack operation ,they both make the stack grows .
Each time the function return is restoring the site ,so that the stack is reduced .The function returns the process of restoring the site by a process called unwinding stack .Exception handling in the throw statement and the function returns the same result ,it also caused unwinding stack .
If the catch is not in throw directly above function, then the unwinding process continues ,until you find the right catch .If no suitable catch ,then the last STD: :unexpected ( ) function is called ,that found an unexpected exception ,this function will call STD: :terminate ( ) ,terminate ( abort ) called the ( ) ,the program terminates ( core dump ) .
In the &ldquo ;&rdquo ;referred to in the longjmp ( ) can also be a unwinding stack ,but this is an C function ,it is just like free ( ) would not call an object ,it is also not known in unwinding stack during the call stack object .
This is the main difference between it and the anomaly .3.1.2 RTTI in unwinding stack process, the program will have been trying to find a suitable &ldquo ;&rdquo ;catch to handle the exception .
Earlier we mentioned that the throw and catch relationship is very much like a function call and the function prototype relationship, a number of catch as a function to be overloaded for can accept different types .
According to this speculation ,as if to find the right catch to handle the exception and function overloading in the process of finding suitable function prototype is the same, no big deal .
But the actual situation is very difficult ,because the overloaded call at compile time can be determined, and the exception is thrown but not ,consider the following code :void foo ( ) throw ( int ) {throw int ;} void bar ( ) {try {foo ( ) ;} catch ( int catch ( ) {.
.. } float ) {... } } void Baz ( ) {try {foo ( ) ;} catch ( int ) {... } catch ( float ) {... } } foo ( two ) in a place called ,these two abnormalities are different catch capture ,so for the throw generated code, not clear that to which the catch captured ,that is to say ,not at compile time determine .
Still consider this example ,let us have a look at compile time can not determine the fate of throw ,so how to determine at run time .In the bar ( ) ,a column in the switch statement catch like case arrangement ,is actually a series of judgment, check whether the type of the abnormal catch meet the specified type, the dynamically ,at run time to determine the type of technology is RTTI ( Runtime Type Identification / Information ) .
Depth exploration C + + object model is mentioned, RTTI is the exception processing by-products .On the RTTI is also a topic ,here is not discussed in detail .3.2 whether the heir to the STD :: exception ?Yes .
And STD: :exception has some derived classes ,if you need to use them directly ,without the need to repeat the definition .Each of the 3.3 function back to write throw ( ) ?Although front has been the analysis it is flawed, but it is still a good habit ,can let the caller from the documents are very clear information ,instead of turning those possible with code synchronization document .
If you provide a library ,Dr Dre Beats,then in the library entrance function should be used in the catch ( ... ) to catch all exceptions ,in catch ( ... ) to capture abnormalities should be converted ( rethrow ) is throw list in a certain abnormal ,so that does not produce an unexpected exception .
3.4 guard model of exception handling in unwinding stack, will the destructor all stack on the object ,but does not automatically delete the object on the heap ,and even your code while writing a delete statement ,but throw skip ,lead to memory leaks ,and other resource leak .
For example :void foo ( ) { MyClass P = new MyClass ... * ( ) ;bar ( P ) ;... Delete P bar ( ) ;/ / if thrown exception ,don run to here !} void bar ( MyClass * P ) {throw MyException ( ) ;} in this case ,the C + + provides a STD :: auto_ptr this template to solve the problem .
This is often referred to as a smart pointer &ldquo ;&rdquo ;template principle is the original code ,the pointer using a stack template instance is protected ,when exception occurs when unwinding stack ,the template instance will be destructed ,and in its destructor, the pointer will be delete ,e.
g. :void foo ( ) {... STD: :auto_ptr< ;MyClass> ;p ;( New MyClass ( ) ) ;bar ( p.get ( ) ) ;/ / ... Delete p ;/ / this sentence is no longer needed } void bar ( MyClass * P ) {throw MyException ( ) ;} bar ( regardless of whether an exception is thrown, ) as long as P is destructed ,the memory will be released .
Not only for memory, for other resource management also can refer to this method to do .In ACE ,this way is known as Guard ,used to lock protection .3.5 constructor and destructor constructor has no return value ,many places are recommended by throwing an exception to notify the caller structural failure .
This is definitely a good way ,but is not very perfect .Mainly because in the constructor and destructor throws an exception will not lead to the call ,for example :class foo {public: foo ( ) { } / / this function will be called } ;class bar {public: bar ( ) {C _ = new char ;throw 1 ;} ~ ( bar ) _ {delete C ;} / / this function will not be called !Private: char * C _ _ ;foo f ;} ;void Baz ( ) {try {bar B ;} catch ( int ) { } } in this example ,the bar destructor will not be called ,but even so ,foo destructors can still be called .
The danger is in the constructor of the allocated space in C _ ,because no destructor is called into leak .The best solution is to use auto_ptr ,auto_ptr ,bar statements into :class bar {public: bar ( ) {c_.
reset ( New char ) ;throw 1 ;} bar ( ) { } / / don delete C _ !Private: auto_ptr< ;char> ;C ;foo f _ _ ;;} ;the destructor is not an exception is thrown, the Thinking in In C + + Volume 2 has stated .
If the destructor call might throw an exception should be in the destructor function ,internal catch it .3.6 when using the abnormal until now ,we have finished the abnormalities of most of the problems, to practical operation .
Problems in actual application of my biggest problem is when should use exceptions, whether should use abnormal round instead of &ldquo ;&rdquo ;mentioned in other error handling ?First of all ,can not completely replace the abnormal return value, because the return value of the meaning is not just a success or failure, sometimes is a selectable state ,for example :if ( customer-> status ( ;;) = = active ) {.
.. } else {... } in this case ,regardless of whether the return value is what ,all are procedures can accept normal results .Abnormal expression of &ldquo &rdquo can be used ;anomaly ;-- the error state .
It is obviously that the actual programming ,but in the process there are many more ready to accept either course time, encountered such a situation ,Dr Dre Headphones,the first thing to consider is the principle .
Second ,have a look in the absence of specific abnormalities will play its advantages ,but this advantage is not to use other techniques to achieve ( or simply reach ) .For example ,if you are for a telecommunications company to write a complex charging logic ,then of course you want in the whole computational cost in the process of concentrated effort to consider the business logic problems ,but not everywhere need to return value to determine whether the current release in the previous step application resources .
When using the abnormal can make your code is very clear, even if you have 100 applications for resource place ,as long as a local concentration of the release of their good .For example :bool bar1 ( ) ;bool bar2 ( ) ;bool bar3 ( ) ;bool foo ( ) { char P1 = new char .
.. * ;( bar1 ... If !( ) ) {delete P1 ;return false ;} ... Char * P2 = new char ;if ( ... !bar2 ( ) ) {delete P1 ;/ / to be released for delete P2 in front of all the resources ;return false ;} .
.. Char * P3 = new char ;( bar2 ... If !( ) ) {delete P1 ;/ / to be released for delete P2 in front of all the resources ;delete P3 ;return false ;} } this process as is clear :void bar1 ( throw ) ( int ) ;void bar2 ( ) throw ( int ) ;void bar3 ( ) throw ( int ) ;void foo ( ) throw ( int ) {char * P1 = NULL ;char * P2 = NULL ;char * P3 = NULL ;try { char * P1 = new char ;bar1 ( ) ;char * P2 = new char ;bar2 ( ) ;char * P3 = new char ;bar3 ( ) ;} catch ( int ) {delete P1 ;/ / delete P2 delete concentrated release resources ;P3 ;throw ;} } third ,Coach Outlet,in Thinking In C + + Volume 2 of a when should not be used ,what should be used when the table ,We can refer to .
Finally, say a and abnormal unrelated things, but also with the program errors ,is the claim that ( assert ) ,I in the development in the use of the abnormalities of the posterior ,soon found that some people will use assert processing error is defined as abnormal .
Here a little note for assert usage ,very simple principle : only for those who can be achieved through improved procedures for correcting errors ,can only be used with assert .The return value ,abnormal obviously not at one level ,this is the C basic knowledge .
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